Chief Rabbi
Chief Rabbi is a title given in several countries to the recognized religious leader of that country's Jewish community, or to a rabbinic leader appointed by the local secular authorities. Since 1911, through a capitulation by Rabbi Uziel, Israel has had two chief rabbis, one Ashkenazi and one Sephardi.[1]
Cities with large Jewish communities may also have their own chief rabbis; this is especially the case in Israel but has also been past practice in major Jewish centers in Europe prior to the Holocaust. North American cities have rarely had chief rabbis, although some do have them: Montreal, in fact, has two—one for the Ashkenazi community, the other for the Sephardi.
The Chief Rabbi's name is often followed by ABD, which stands for Av Beth Din.
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Contents
- 1 Chief rabbis by country/region
- 2 Chief rabbis by city
- 2.1 Amsterdam, Netherlands
- 2.2 Antwerp, Belgium
- 2.3 Baltimore, United States
- 2.4 Berlin, Germany
- 2.5 Birobidzhan, Russia
- 2.6 Budapest, Hungary
- 2.7 Caracas, Venezuela
- 2.8 Chicago, United States
- 2.9 Frankfurt, Germany
- 2.10 Haifa, Israel
- 2.11 Hebron, Israel
- 2.12 Hoboken, United States
- 2.13 Hong Kong, China
- 2.14 Jerusalem, Israel
- 2.15 Leiden, Netherlands
- 2.16 Milan, Italy
- 2.17 Montreal, Canada
- 2.18 Moscow, Russia
- 2.19 Munich, Germany
- 2.20 Netherlands - Inter-Provincial Chief rabbinate
- 2.21 New York City, United States
- 2.22 Nové Zámky, Slovakia
- 2.23 Rome, Italy
- 2.24 Rotterdam, Netherlands
- 2.25 Sofia, Bulgaria
- 2.26 St. Louis, Missouri
- 2.27 Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 2.28 Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Israel
- 2.29 Toronto, Canada
- 2.30 Vienna, Austria
- 2.31 Warsaw, Poland
- 3 References
- 4 External links
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Chief rabbis by country/region
Albania
- Joel Kaplan (2010– ) (appointed December 2010)[2]
Argentina
Sephardi
- Yosef Chehebar[3]
- Isaac Sacca
Ashkenazi
- Shlomo Ben Hamu (though he is Sephardi)
- Rabino Yosef Libersohn
Sergio Bergman
Austria
- Jitzchok ben Mosche from Wien, "Or Sorua" (lived from ca. 1200 to 1270)
- Jomtov Lipmann Heller, "Tosfos Jomtov" (lived from 1578–1654)
- Scheftel Horowitz (lived from 1561–1619)
- Gerschon "Uliph" Aschkenasi (lived from ca. 1612–1693)
- Samson Wertheimer (lived from 1658–1724)
- Mosche Chanoch Berliner (lived from 1727–1793)
- Isaak Noah Mannheimer (1824–1865)
- Lazar Horowitz (1828–1868), chief rabbi of Vienna
- Adolf Jellinek (1865–1893)
- Moritz Güdemann (1894–1918)
- Zwi Perez Chajes (1918–1927)
- David Feuchtwang (1933–1936)
- Israel Taglicht (1936), provisional chief rabbi
- Insp. I. Öhler (1946), preacher at the Stadttempel
- Akiva Eisenberg (1948–1983)
- Paul Chaim Eisenberg (1983–present)
British Empire and Commonwealth
Ashkenazi Chief Rabbis
Sephardi Hahamim
Bulgaria
- Gabriel Almosnino (1880–1885)
- Presiado Bakish (1885–1889)
- Shimon Dankowitz (1889–1891)
- Moshe Tadjer (1891–1893)
- Mordechai Gruenwald (1893–1895)
- Presiado Bakish (1895–1898)
- Moshe Tadjer (1898–1900)
- Mordekhay Ehrenpreiss (1900–1914)
- M. Hezkeya Shabetay Davidov (1914–1918)
- David Pipano (1920–1925)
- Asher Hannanel (1945–1949)
Chile
There is not a Chief Rabbi in Chile. The most prominent posek was Rabbi Dovid Raichmain, he left Chile in the 1990s.
China
See chief Rabbis of Hong Kong, China.
Cuba
Cyprus
- Abraham Salomon (1687–1700)
- Israel Ber (1700–1728)
- Marcus David (1729–1739)
- Hirsch Samuel Levy (1741–1775)
- Gedalia Levin (1778–1793)
- Abraham Gedalia (1793–1827)
- Abraham Wolff (1828–1891)
- David Simonsen (1892–1902, 1919–1920)
- Tobias Lewenstein (1903–1910)
- Max (Moses) Friediger (1920–1947)
- Marcus Melchior (1947–1969)
- Bent Melchior (1970–1996)
- Bent Lexner (1996–present[update])
Egypt
- Refael Aharon Ben Shimon (1891–1921)
- Masoud Haim Ben Shimon (1921–1925)
- Chaim Nahum (1925–1960)
- Haim Douek (1960–1972)
Estonia
- Michael Alony (1995–1996)
- Shmuel Kot (2000–present[update])
Finland
- Uri Ove Schwarz (1982–1987)
- Michael Alony (1995–1996)
France
Germany
- Yitshak Ehrenberg (1997-present)[2]
Guatemala
- Meir Rosenbaum (Son of Rabbi Issamar of Nadvorna, Later Chief Rabbi of Cuba)
Hungary
- Note that this list is out of order.
- Meir Eisenstadt—known as the Panim Me'iros (1708–), rabbi of Eisenstadt and author of "Panim Me'irot"
- Alexander ben Menahem
- Phinehas Auerbach
- Jacob Eliezer Braunschweig
- Hirsch Semnitz
- Simon Jolles (1717–?)
- Samson Wertheimer (1693?–1724) (also Eisenstadt and Moravia)
- Issachar Berush Eskeles (1725–1753)[11]
- Joseph Hirsch Weiss—grandfather of Stephen Samuel Wise[12][13]
- Samuel Kohn
- Ferenc Hevesi
- Moshe Kunitzer—a pioneer of the Haskalah movement in Hungary (1828–1837)
- Koppel Reich
- Chaim Yehuda Deutsch
- József Schweitzer
- Robert (Avrohom Yehudoh) Deutsch
Iran
Ireland
Israel
The position of chief rabbi of the Land of Israel has existed for hundreds of years. During the mandatory period, the British recognized the chief Rabbis of the Ashkenazi and Sephardi communities, just as they recognized the Mufti of Jerusalem. The offices continued after statehood was achieved. Haredi Jewish groups (such as Edah HaChareidis) do not recognize the authority of the Chief Rabbinate. They usually have their own rabbis who do not have any connection to the state rabbinate.
Under current Israeli law, the post of Chief Rabbi exists in only four cities (Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa, and Beersheba). In other cities there may be one main rabbi to whom the other rabbis of that city defer, but that post is not officially the "Chief Rabbi".
Many of Israel's chief rabbis were previously chief rabbis of Israeli cities.
Sephardi
- Moshe Galante (the Younger) (1665-1689)
- Moshe ibn Habib (1689-1696)
- Moshe Hayun
- Abraham ben David Yitzhaki (1715-1722)
- Binyamin Maali
- Elazar ben Yaacob Nahum (1730-1748)
- Nissim Mizrahi (1748-1754)
- Israel Yaacob Algazy (1754-1756)
- Raphael Samuel Meyuchas (1756-1791)
- Haim Raphael Abraham ben Asher (1771-1772)
- Yom Tov Algazy (1772-1802)
- Moshe Yosef Mordechai Meyuchas (1802-1805)
- Yaacob Moshe Ayash al-Maghrebi (1806-1817)
- Jacob Coral (1817-1819)
- Raphael Yosef Hazzan (1819-1822)
- Yom Tov Danon (1822-1824)
- Salomon Moshe Suzin (1824-1836)
- Yonah Moshe Navon (1836-1841)
- Yehudah Raphael Navon (1841-1842)
- Haim Abraham Gagin (1842-1848)
- Isaac Kovo (1848-1854)
- Haim Nissim Abulafia (1854-1861)
- Haim David Hazan (1861-1869)
- Abraham Ashkenasi (1869-1880)
- Raphael Meir Panigel (1880-1892)
- Yaacob Shaul Elyashar (1893-1906)
- Yaacob Meir (1906)
- Eliyah Moshe Panigel (1907-1909)
- Nahman Batito (1909-1911)
- Moshe Franco (1911-1915)
- Haim Moshe Elyashar (1914-1915)
- Nissim Yehudah Danon (1915-1921)
- Yaacob Meir (1921–1939)
- Benzion Uziel (1939–1954)
- Yitzhak Nissim (1955–1973)
- Ovadia Yosef (1973–1983)
- Mordechai Eliyahu (1983–1993)
- Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron (1993–2003)
- Shlomo Amar (2003–present[update])
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Ashkenazi
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Military Rabbinate
Lebanon
- Moïse Yedid-Levy (1799–1829)
- Ralph Alfandari
- Youssef el Mann
- Aharoun Yedid-Levy
- Zaki Cohen (1875)
- Menaché Ezra Sutton
- Jacob Bukai
- Haïm Dana
- Moïse Yedid-Levy
- Nassim Afandi Danon (1908–1909)
- Jacob Tarrab (1910–1921)
- Salomon Tagger (1921–1923)
- Shabtai Bahbout (1924–1950)
- Benzion Lichtman (1932–1959)
- Jacob Attiyeh (1949–1966)
- Yakoub Chreim (1960–1978)
Mexico
- Shlomo Tawil (2002–Present)
Morocco
Norway
Panama
Poland
Poland: Armed Forces:
Romania
Russia
Military Rabbinate
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
South Africa
Spain
- Baruj Garzon (1968-1978), the first Chief Rabbi in Spain since the expulsion in 1492
- Yehuda Benasuli z"l (1978-1997)
- Rabbi Moshe Bendahan (1997-present[update])
Thailand
Transylvania (before 1918)
Note: The chief rabbi of Transylvania was generally the rabbi of the city of Alba Iulia.
- Joseph Reis Auerbach (d. 1750)
- Shalom Selig ben Saul Cohen (1754–1757)
- Johanan ben Isaac (1758–1760)
- Benjamin Ze'eb Wolf of Cracow (1764–1777)
- Moses ben Samuel Levi Margaliot (1778–1817)
- Menahem ben Joshua Mendel (1818–23)
- Ezekiel Paneth (1823–1843)
- Abraham Friedmann (d. 1879), the last chief rabbi of Transylvania
Tunisia
Turkey
- Eli Capsali (1452–1454)
- Moses Capsali (1454–1497)
- Elijah Mizrachi (1497–1526)
- Mordechai Komitano (1526–1542)
- Tam ben Yahya (1542–1543)
- Eli Rozanes ha - Levi (1543)
- Eli ben Hayim (1543–1602)
- Yehiel Bashan (1602–1625)
- Joseph Mitrani (1625–1639)
- Yomtov Benyaes (1639–1642)
- Yomtov Hananiah Benyakar (1642–1677)
- Chaim Kamhi (1677–1715)
- Judah Benrey (1715–1717)
- Samuel Levi (1717–1720)
- Abraham Rozanes (1720–1745)
- Solomon Hayim Alfandari (1745–1762)
- Meir Ishaki (1762–1780)
- Eli Palombo (1780–1800)
- Chaim Jacob Benyakar (1800–1835)
- Abraham Levi Pasha (1835–1839)
- Samuel Hayim (1839–1841)
- Moiz Fresko (1841–1854)
- Yacob Avigdor (1854–1870)
- Yakir Geron (1870–1872)
- Moses Levi (1872–1909)
- Chaim Nahum Effendi (1909–1920)
- Shabbetai Levi (1920–1922)
- Isaac Ariel (1922–1926)
- Haim Bejerano (1926–1931)
- Haim Isaac Saki (1931–1940)
- Rafael David Saban (1940–1960)
- David Asseo (1961–2002)
- Ishak Haleva (2003–present[update])
Uganda
Ukraine
- Yaakov Dov Bleich (1990–present[update])—original post-communism chief rabbi, still widely recognized Chief Rabbi of Ukraine and Kiev
- Alex Dukhovny—The Progressive (Liberal/Reform) Chief Rabbi of Kiev and Ukraine
- Azriel Haikin (2003–present[update])—Chabad affiliated; not recognized as Ukraine Chief Rabbi, but heads the Ukrainian Chabad[17]
- Moshe Reuven Azman—rabbi from Chabad, though elected mostly by secular Jewish leaders and not by any rabbinical authority[18] (2005–present[update])
United States
A chief rabbinate never truly developed within the United States for a number of different reasons. While Jews first settled in the United States in 1654 in New Amsterdam, rabbis did not appear in the United States until the mid-nineteenth century. This lack of rabbis, coupled with the lack of official colonial or state recognition of a particular sect of Judaism as official (e.g. Ottolengui v. Ancker) effectively led to a form of congregationalism amongst American Jews. This did not stop others from trying to create a unified American Judaism, and in fact, some chief rabbis developed in some American cities despite lacking universal recognition amongst the Jewish communities within the cities (for examples see below). However, Jonathan Sarna argues that those two precedents, as well as the desire of many Jewish immigrants to the US to break from an Orthodox past, effectively prevented any effective Chief Rabbi in America.[19]
Uruguay
- Nechemia Berman (1970–1993)
- Eliahu Birenbaum (1994–1999)
- Yosef Bitton (1999–2002)
- Mordejai Maarabi (2002–2009)
- Shai Froindlich (2009–2010)
Venezuela
Chief rabbis by city
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Antwerp, Belgium
Baltimore, United States
- Abraham N. Schwartz (d. 1934)
- Joseph H. Feldman (retired 1972, d. 1992)
Berlin, Germany
- Yitshak Ehrenberg (1997-present)[3]
Birobidzhan, Russia
Budapest, Hungary
Caracas, Venezuela
Chicago, United States
- Yaakov Dovid Wilovsky—known as the Ridbaz, served as chief rabbi of the Russian-American congregations in the city 1903–1905.
Frankfurt, Germany
Haifa, Israel
Hebron, Israel
Hoboken, United States
Hong Kong, China
Jerusalem, Israel
Sephardi
- Levi Ibn Habib
- David Ibn Abi Zimra
- Moshe Galante I
- Haim Vital
- Betzalel Ashkenasi
- Gedalia Cordovero
- Isaac Gaon
- Israel Benjamin
- Yaacov Tzemah
- Shemuel Garmison
- Moshe Galante II (1665-1689)
- Moshe Ibn Habib (1689-1696)
- Moshe Hayun
- Abraham ben David Yitzchaki (1715-1722)
- Binyamin Maali
- Elazar ben Yaacob Nahum (1730-1748)
- Nissim Mizrahi (1748-1754)
- Israel Yaacob Algazy (1754-1756)
- Raphael Samuel Meyuchas (1756-1791)
- Haim Raphael Abraham ben Asher (1771-1772)
- Yom Tov Algazy (1772-1802)
- Moshe Yosef Mordechai Meyuchas (1802-1805)
- Yaacob Moshe Ayash al-Maghrebi (1806-1817)
- Jacob Coral (1817-1819)
- Raphael Yosef Hazzan (1819-1822)
- Yom Tov Danon (1822-1824)
- Salomon Moshe Suzin (1824-1836)
- Yonah Moshe Navon (1836-1841)
- Yehudah Raphael Navon (1841-1842)
- Haim Abraham Gagin (1842-1848)
- Isaac Kovo (1848-1854)
- Haim Nissim Abulafia (1854-1861)
- Haim David Hazan (1861-1869)
- Abraham Ashkenasi (1869-1880)
- Raphael Meir Panigel (1880-1892)
- Yaacob Shaul Elyashar (1893-1906)
- Yaacob Meir (1906)
- Eliyah Moshe Panigel (1907-1909)
- Nahman Batito (1909-1911)
- Moshe Franco (1911-1915)
- Haim Moshe Elyashar (1914-1915)
- Nissim Yehudah Danon (1915-1921)
- Yaacob Meir (1921–1939)
- Chalom Messas (1978–2003)
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Ashkenazi
Since Rav Kolitz stepped down for reason of ill health (from which he died within a year), the position of Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem remains vacant.
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Edah HaChareidis
- Note: The Edah HaChareidis is unaffiliated with the State of Israel. It is a separate, independent religious community with its own Chief Rabbis, who are viewed, in the Haredi world, as being the Chief Rabbis of Jerusalem.
Leiden, Netherlands
Milan, Italy
- Avraham David Shaumann
- Elia Kopciovsky (195?–1980)
- Giuseppe Laras (1980–2005)
- Alfonso Arbib (2005–present[update])
Montreal, Canada
Present Av Beis Din Montreal Rav Binyomin Weiss, head of the city's Vaad Hair.
Moscow, Russia
Munich, Germany
- Yitshak Ehrenberg (1989-1997)[4]
- Pinchos Biberfeld, moved back to Germany from where he had emigrated to Israel over 50 years earlier. (1980–1999)
Netherlands - Inter-Provincial Chief rabbinate
- Dov Yehuda Schochet (1946–1952) [Chief Rabbi of The Hague]
- Elieser Berlinger (1960–1985)
- Binyomin Jacobs (1985–recent)
New York City, United States
- Jacob Joseph was the only true Ashkenazi chief rabbi of New York City; there was never a Sephardi chief rabbi, although Dr. David DeSola Pool acted as a leader among the Sepharadim and was also respected as such. Others it has been said claimed the title of Chief Rabbi; eventually, the title became worthless through dilution.
- Yosef Yitzchok Parnes, the Brooklyner Rebbe, was also considered as such, arriving in Borough Park, Brooklyn in approximately 1913; due to the many non-observant Jews then working for the local utility companies, he did not use any electricity on the Sabbath. Many religious Jews in America in the early 1900s were his adherents.
- Jacob S. Kassin was the Chief Rabbi of the Syrian Jewish community of New York 1930–1995.
Nové Zámky, Slovakia
Rome, Italy
Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Josiah Pardo (1648–1669)
- Judah Salomon (1682)[25]
- Judah Loeb ben Abraham Ephraim Asher Anshel (1700–1708)[26]
- Solomon Ezekiel (1725–1735)[25]
- Judah Ezekiel (1738–1755)[25]
- Abraham Ezekiel (1755–79)[25]
- Judah Eger (1779–1781)[25]
- Aryeh Leib Breslau (1741–1809)[27]
- Elijah Casriel (1815–1833)[25]
- E. J. Löwenstamm (1834–1845)[25]
- Dr. Joseph Isaacsohn (1850–1871)[25]
- Dr. Bernhard Löbel Ritter (1885–1928)[28][29]
- Simon Hirsch (1928–1930)[29]
- Aaron Davids (1930–1944)[29]
- Justus Tal (1945–1954)[30]
- Salomon Rodrigues Pereira (1954–1959)[30]
- Levie Vorst (1959–1971)[30]
- Daniel Kahn (1972–1975)[30]
- Albert Hutterer (1975–1977)[30]
- Dov Salzmann (1986–1988)[30]
- Lody van de Kamp
- Raphael Evers
Sofia, Bulgaria
- Daniel Zion (in World War II)
- Asher Hannanel (in World War II)
St. Louis, Missouri
- Chaim Fischel Epstein
- Menachem Zvi Eichenstein (1943–1982)
- Sholom Rivkin (1983-2011)[31]
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Great Synagogue
Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Israel
Sephardi
Toronto, Canada
Vienna, Austria
- Yitshak Ehrenberg (1983-1989)[5]
- Akiva Eisenberg
- Paul Chaim Eisenberg
Warsaw, Poland
References
- ^ Cameron Brown. "Rabbi Ovadia Yosef And His Culture War In Israel". Meria.idc.ac.il. http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a3.html. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ Jerusalem Post, 8 December 2010
- ^ "Jewish Travel Advisor". Jewish Travel Advisor. http://www.jewishtraveladvisor.com/kosher-restaurant-dt.php?rn=El%20Pasaje%20Express&ac=Buenos%20Aires&restaurantid=43. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ {{cite book|title=Yerushaseinu 5771|url=http://pelorous.totallyplc.com/media_manager/public/76/Early%20Years%20of%20London%20-%20You%20and%20US.pdf
- ^ {{cite book|title=Yerushaseinu 5771|url=http://pelorous.totallyplc.com/media_manager/public/76/Early%20Years%20of%20London%20-%20You%20and%20US.pdf
- ^ {{cite book|title=Yerushaseinu 5771|url=http://pelorous.totallyplc.com/media_manager/public/76/Early%20Years%20of%20London%20-%20You%20and%20US.pdf
- ^ Rabbis of Chilean Masorti Forum meet with Mr. Zeev Bielsky Masorti World
- ^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour Cuba Jewish Virtual Library
- ^ The Jewish Traveler: Havana Hadassah Magazine
- ^ Elsebeth Paikin (2004-05-21). "Rabbis in Denmark - JewishGen Scandinavia SIG". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Scandinavia/rabbis.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ "Personality of the week: Issachar Berush Eskeles". Beit Hatefutsot. http://www.bh.org.il/NAMES/POW/Eskeles.asp.
- ^ "Weiss, Joseph Hirsch". JewishEncyclopedia.com. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=106&letter=W&search=Weiss%20Chief%20Hungary. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ "RootsWeb: WISE-L [WISE] Treasure found - autobiography of Stephen WISE". Archiver.rootsweb.com. 2001-04-28. http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/WISE/2001-04/0988484615. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "CHIEF RABBI SALANT DIES IN JERUSALEM; Head of the Ashkanezic Congregationalists Was an Eminent Talmudist. A FRIEND OF MONTEFIORE Collected Donations for the Building of New Synagogue Bet Ya'akob -- Favorite of His People". The New York Times. 1909-08-17. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04E3D6173EE733A25754C1A96E9C946897D6CF. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ^ "MOORISH JEWS GRATEFUL.; Chief Rabbi Thanks Us for Our Action at Algeciras Conference". The New York Times. 10 June 1906. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B02EFDD173EE733A25753C1A9609C946797D6CF.
- ^ "Ukraine's Second Chief Rabbi?". NCSJ. 2003-09-15. http://www.ncsj.org/AuxPages/091503JTA_Ukraine.shtml. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ "Ukrainian community split over chief rabbi - Jewish News of Greater Phoenix". Jewishaz.com. 2005-10-28. http://www.jewishaz.com/issues/story.mv?051028+chief. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ Sarna, Jonathan (2004). American Judaism: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-300-10976-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ujw_IawuIIgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=chief%20rabbi&f=false.
- ^ a b Bleich, J.D. (1989). Contemporary Halakhic Problems; Volume 16. KTAV Publishing House. pp. 63–4. ISBN 9780881253153. http://books.google.com/books?id=gcvvoN9T9mMC&pg=PA64&dq=%22saul+lowenstam%22&hl=en&ei=DCOYTJyzD4T68AaVnY3zDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22saul%20lowenstam%22&f=false.
- ^ Title page of Malki Ba-Kodesh, vol. 2; Hoboken, 1921
- ^ a b "Bnei Brak rabbi named to new beit din post". Web.archive.org. 2006-04-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20060427030621/http://www.cjnews.com/viewarticle.asp?id=7872. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ "Frum Jewish News". The Yeshiva World. 2006-11-30. http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/?p=3993#more-3993. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ "Grand Rabbinat du Québec". Rabbinat.qc.ca. http://www.rabbinat.qc.ca/. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Jacobs, Joseph; Slijper, E.. "Netherlands". The Jewish Encyclopedia. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=197&letter=N. "The names of the chief rabbis of Rotterdam are: Judah Salomon (1682); Solomon Ezekiel (1725-35; his salary was 305 gulden); Judah Ezekiel, son of the preceding (1738-55); Abraham Judah Ezekiel, son of the preceding (1755-79); Judah Akiba Eger (1779; left in 1781); Levie Hyman Breslau, author of "Pene Aryeh" (1781–1807); Elijah Casriel, from Leeuwarden (1815-33); E. J. Löwenstamm, grandson of L. H. Breslau (1834-45); Joseph Isaacson (1850-71; removed to Filehne as a result of dissensions in the community); B. Ritter (since 1884)."
- ^ {{cite book|title=Jizkor Platenatlas p 37, 1978
- ^ Landman, Isaac (1941). The Universal Jewish encyclopedia. 5. "... and the chief rabbi of Rotterdam, Aryeh Leib Breslau (1781–1809)"
- ^ Michman, Jozeph; Beem, Hartog; Michman, Dan (1999). Geschiedenis van de joodse gemeenschap in Nederland [History of the Jewish Community in the Netherlands]. p. 522. "In 1885 werd rabbijn dr Bernard Löbel Ritter tot rabbijn van Rotterdam benoemd."
- ^ a b c Michman, Jozeph; Beem, Hartog; Michman, Dan (1999). Geschiedenis van de joodse gemeenschap in Nederland [History of the Jewish Community in the Netherlands]. p. 526. "Na het ontslag van Ritter in 1928 werd het twee jaar lang waargenomen door de opperrabbijn van Zwolle, Simon JS Hirsch. In 1930 vond de joodse gemeente opperrabbijn Aaron Jissachar (ABN) Davids (1895–1944) van Friesland bereid naar Rotterdam te komen. Hij werd nog datzelfde jaar benoemd."
- ^ a b c d e f Michman, Jozeph; Beem, Hartog; Michman, Dan (1999). Geschiedenis van de joodse gemeenschap in Nederland [History of the Jewish Community in the Netherlands]. p. 531. "Het opperrabinaat werd in de naoorlogse periode waargenomen door de opperrabbijn van Amsterdam Justus Tal (van 1945 tot '54) en vervolgens door chacham SA Rodrigues Pereira (van 1954 tot '59). Vanaf 1946 had rabbijn Levie Vorst (1903-'87) de dagelijkse leiding van de gemeente. Direct na het afleggen van het hoogste rabbinale examen werd hij benoemd tot opperrabijn, hetgeen hij bleef aan tot zijn immigratie naar Israël in 1971. Hij werd opgevolgd door Daniël Kahn (van 1972 tot '75) en Albert Hutterer (van 1975 tot '77). Na diens vertrek heeft Rotterdam het een tijd zonder rabbijn gesteld. Van 1986 tot '88 was Dov Salzmann rabbijn."
- ^ Wednesday, January 12, 2011 12:45 pm (2011-01-12). "Rebbetzin Paula Rivkin remembered as ‘woman of valor’ - St. Louis Jewish Light: Local News - Rebbetzin Paula Rivkin remembered as ‘woman of valor’: Local News". Stljewishlight.com. http://www.stljewishlight.com/news/local/article_b349dea8-1e62-11e0-bc81-001cc4c03286.html. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ a b Sydney's new Chief Rabbi, David Rutledge, ABC "Religion Report", ABC Online, 1 June 2005, accessed 5 April 2010
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